
- If Vi < VR, diode is reversed biased and does not conduct. Therefore, Vo = Vi
- If Vi > VR, diode is forward biased and thus, Vo = VR.

Clipper Circuit B:
The clipper circuit shown in figure below, clips the input signal below reference voltage (VR).

In this clipper circuit,
- If Vi > VR, diode is reverse biased. Vo = Vi
- If Vi < VR, diode is forward biased. Vo = VR

Clipper Circuit C:
To clip the input signal between two independent levels (VR1 < VR2), the clipper circuit is shown in figure below.

The diodes D1 & D2 are assumed ideal diodes.
For this clipper circuit, when Vi ≤ VR1, Vo = VR1
and, Vi ≥ VR2, Vo = VR2
and, VR1 < Vi < VR2, Vo = Vi
The transfer characteristic of the clipper is shown in figure below.

Clipper Circuit D:
Consider the clipper circuit shown in fig. 1 to clip the input signal above reference voltage

When Vi < (VR + Vr), diode D is reverse biased and therefore, Vo = Vi.
and when Vi > (VR + Vr), diode D is forward biased and conducts. The equivalent circuit, in this case is shown in fig. 2.

The current i in the circuit is given by

The transfer characteristic of the circuit is shown in fig. 3.

Clipper Circuit E:
Consider the clipper circuit shown in fig. 4, which clips the input signal below the reference level (VR).

If Vi > (VR – Vr), diode D is reverse biased, thus Vo = Vi and when Vi < (VR -Vr), D conducts and the equivalent circuit becomes as shown in fig. 5.

Therefore,

The transfer characteristic of the circuit is shown in fig. 6.

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